Artifacts From The Ancient World That Made Us Say 'Whoa'

When it was first discovered at the beginning of the 20th century, the Antikythera Mechanism baffled archaeologists. It was a confusing muddle of modern-looking gears that had been resting at the bottom of the ocean for 2,000 years. Conspiracy theorists claimed it was evidence of a smashed alien vessel, while others thought it was a long-lost piece of Atlantean hardware. One investigator dubbed it an "ancient Greek computer," and time has proven that somewhat accurate. It is now believed the mechanism was a kind of astronomical calculator. X-ray imaging and CT scans have revealed the device's interlocking gears were used to track the movement of the sun, moon, and planets visible to the naked eye. Inscriptions describe the dates when particular stars rise and set, and a dial on the back tracked lunar and solar eclipses.

This giant slab of basalt is where the Rosetta Stone language-learning program gets its name. Discovered by Napoleon Bonaparte's army in 1799, the slab contains a decree from King Ptolemy V (r. 204-181 BC) written in three different languages: Egyptian hieroglyphic, Egyptian Demotic (the "language of the people"), and ancient Greek (the language of Egypt's Greco-Macedonian rulers). As the British Museum explains: The importance of [the Rosetta Stone] to Egyptology is immense. When it was discovered, nobody knew how to read ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs. Because the inscriptions say the same thing in three different scripts, and scholars could still read Ancient Greek, the Rosetta Stone became a valuable key to deciphering the hieroglyphs.

Pyramidions were created to be the capstones of ancient Egyptian pyramids, and few have survived into the present day. This pyramidion was found in the rubble near the Pyramid of Amenemhat III at Dashur, which is sometimes referred to as the Black Pyramid. Not much remains of the Black Pyramid today, due to poor construction methods that doomed the structure from the beginning. The granite pryamidion, however, is in relatively good shape, and its four sides still bear legible inscriptions. It is currently housed in the Egyptian Museum at Cairo.

King Tut's iron dagger was one of two blades hidden in the ancient pharaoh's mummified wrappings, along with another dagger made of gold. Interestingly, at the time of Tut's demise (c. 1323 BC), iron was actually more valuable than gold due to its rarity. It is believed that most iron objects excavated from Egypt's Old Kingdom period were created from meteoric metal, or "iron from the sky." According to recent findings, the King Tut dagger's composition of iron, nickel, and cobalt "strongly suggests an extraterrestrial origin."

This clay tablet, dated to approximately 700 BC, depicts the world as a disc surrounded by a ring of water called the "Bitter River." Small circles indicate cities or districts, including Assyria and Der, and the rectangle on the right side of the Euphrates River is Babylon itself. The British Museum has more information on the tablet, including details on the reverse side that describes eight regions beyond the known world, including the underworld.

Despite being more than 2,500 years old, this Chinese dagger still retains a cutting edge. It was discovered in a tomb in Hubei, China, in 1965, and is believed to date back to the era between 771 and 403 BC. Forged from copper and tin, the blade also contains blue crystals and turquoise. The Metropolitan Museum of Art notes that the eight characters engraved on the blade are an ancient writing called "bird-worm seal script," which reads, "King of Yue... made this sword for [his] personal use."

Believed to be the oldest-known boat in the world, and certainly the oldest canoe in the historical record, the Pesse canoe was discovered in Pesse, a village in the Dutch province of Drenthe, during the construction of a highway. The boat was carved out of a pine log roughly 10,000 years ago. Carbon dating has placed the canoe's construction to the Mesolithic period, between 8040 BC and 7510 BC. A similar boat was discovered outside a village in Nigeria, dated some 2,000 years later.

Popular throughout the Mediterranean and the Middle East thousands of years ago, the Royal Game of Ur was a popular pastime for ancient peoples. As Irving Finkel, the assistant keeper at London's British Museum in the Department of the Middle East, explains, "There were no entertainments for such a huge period of human existence. In that environment, games had a fantastically strong hold. They reigned supreme." Time sums it up even better: "For centuries, even millenniums, the Royal Game of Ur served as the PlayStation of its day."

Discovered in a field in Somerset, England, in 1693, this royal relic dates to the reign of King Alfred the Great (871-899 AD) and bears the inscription "AELFRED MEC HEHT GEWYRCAN," or "Alfred ordered me to be made." According to the Ashmolean Museum, the jewel was originally part of an aestel, or pointer, a device used to follow text in manuscripts. A "significant" piece of Anglo-Saxon goldsmithing, the aestel was crafted around a slice of rock crystal.

Living in China's Jiangsu province in the third millennium BC, the Neolithic Liangzhu culture created items out of jade, ceramic, and stone that still exist today. Many "cong" objects have been found, exhibiting a circular inner shape and square outer section, but their use and significance remain mysterious. Several cong have been unearthed in Chinese tombs from the period. Khan Academy describes these objects as "among the most impressive yet most enigmatic of all ancient Chinese jade artifacts." Also, they "were extremely difficult and time-consuming to produce. As jade cannot be split like other stones, it must be worked with a hard abrasive sand."

In 2021, archaeologists at Olympia, where the ancient Greek Olympic games took place, discovered a bronze figurine of a bull after a heavy rainfall exposed its horns. Burn marks on the figure suggest that it was a votive offering to Zeus. It was found near Altis, the sacred grove of Zeus at Olympia. According to the Google English translation of a news release from the Greek culture ministry, "The bull, like the horse, was one of the most important animals for human survival and the creation of civilization until modern times." The Greek ministry said the tiny bull figure dates from around 1050 to 700 BC. Olympia was settled around 3000 BC, and the first Olympic games took place there in 776 BC. A video shows a scientist working to clean and restore the figurine.

Sometimes called "the world's most mysterious book," this 15th century codex is written in an unknown script by an unknown author. It gets its name from Wilfrid Voynich, who first came across it in 1912, but the book has popped up here and there over the centuries. A translation of the text, and the purpose of the book itself, eludes investigators to this day. The manuscript contains "lively" illustrations that appear to encompass a number of scientific topics, from botanical species to astronomical charts to female biology. The origin of the manuscript remains a matter of debate, with some claiming the thing is just a hoax, and others saying it's the work of aliens.

They may look like ordinary rocks, but these things are considered the oldest stone tools in existence. Dating back 2.5 to 1.2 million years ago, Oldowan "chopper" tools were created by Homo habilis, an ancestor of Homo sapiens, and used for "cutting, chopping, and scraping" plants and animals. The first of these tools were originally found in Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, but other such artifacts have also been found in eastern, central, and southern Africa.

One of the earliest mass-printed books, the Gutenberg Bible is a landmark in the history of humankind - and literacy in general. Of the 180 original Bibles, some 49 still exist today, 10 of which may be found in the United States. The Bible pictured here, now on display at the New York Public Library, was bought by James Lenox in 1847. It was the first copy purchased by a US citizen.

The Whitby Museum's Hand of Glory is not especially ancient, but it is a well-preserved example of an occult practice that dates back centuries (allegedly, it is also the only such hand to survive to the present day). The museum has a great, if gruesome, explanation of how these hands were purportedly used: A Hand of Glory was supposedly the carefully prepared and "pickled" right hand of a felon, cut off while the body still hung from the gallows and used by burglars to send sleepers in a house into a [deep unconsciousness] from which they were unable to wake. In one version the clenched hand is used as a candleholder for a candle incorporating human fat, but in another (consistent with the Whitby hand) the outstretched hand has its own fingers lit. In this case should one of the fingers refuse to light it is a sign that someone in the household remains awake. This hand was discovered in the early 1900s on the wall of a cottage in Castleton, England.

Though its authenticity is a matter of fierce debate (and has been since it first emerged in the mid-14th century), the Shroud of Turin remains a powerful religious icon to many Christians the world over. Believed by some to be the burial shroud of Jesus Christ, the cloth has been studied extensively by scientists and religious scholars alike. Today, the shroud is closely guarded behind bulletproof glass and seldom seen by the public. However, following the global turmoil of the COVID-19 pandemic, it was made available to view online in April 2020.